Meta-Analytic Coactivation Modeling
Notebook Cell
# First, import the necessary modules and functions
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from myst_nb import glue
from repo2data.repo2data import Repo2Data
from nimare import dataset
# Install the data if running locally, or points to cached data if running on neurolibre
DATA_REQ_FILE = os.path.abspath("../binder/data_requirement.json")
repo2data = Repo2Data(DATA_REQ_FILE)
data_path = repo2data.install()
data_path = os.path.join(data_path[0], "data")
neurosynth_dset = dataset.Dataset.load(os.path.join(data_path, "neurosynth_dataset.pkl.gz"))Meta-analytic coactivation modeling (MACM) Laird et al., 2009Robinson et al., 2010Eickhoff et al., 2010, also known as meta-analytic connectivity modeling, uses meta-analytic data to measure co-occurrence of activations between brain regions providing evidence of functional connectivity of brain regions across tasks. In coordinate-based MACM, whole-brain studies within the database are selected based on whether or not they report at least one peak in a region of interest specified for the analysis. These studies are then subjected to a meta-analysis, often comparing the selected studies to those remaining in the database. In this way, the significance of each voxel in the analysis corresponds to whether there is greater convergence of foci at the voxel among studies which also report foci in the region of interest than those which do not.
MACM results have historically been accorded a similar interpretation to task-related functional connectivity (e.g., Hok et al., 2015Kellermann et al., 2013), although this approach is quite removed from functional connectivity analyses of task fMRI data (e.g., beta-series correlations, psychophysiological interactions, or even seed-to-voxel functional connectivity analyses on task data). Nevertheless, MACM analyses do show high correspondence with resting-state functional connectivity Reid et al., 2017. MACM has been used to characterize the task-based functional coactivation of the cerebellum Riedel et al., 2015, lateral prefrontal cortex Reid et al., 2016, fusiform gyrus Caspers et al., 2014, and several other brain regions.
Within NiMARE, MACMs can be performed by selecting studies in a Dataset based on the presence of activation within a target mask or coordinate-centered sphere. While some algorithms, such as SCALE, may have been designed with MACMs in mind, in practice MACMs may be performed with any valid Estimator.
In this section, we will perform two MACMs- one with a target mask and one with a coordinate-centered sphere. For the former, we use ~nimare.dataset.Dataset.get_studies_by_mask. For the latter, we use ~nimare.dataset.Dataset.get_studies_by_coordinate.
# Create Dataset only containing studies with peaks within the amygdala mask
amygdala_mask = os.path.join(data_path, "amygdala_roi.nii.gz")
amygdala_ids = neurosynth_dset.get_studies_by_mask(amygdala_mask)
dset_amygdala = neurosynth_dset.slice(amygdala_ids)
# Create Dataset only containing studies with peaks within the sphere ROI
sphere_ids = neurosynth_dset.get_studies_by_coordinate([[24, -2, -20]], r=6)
dset_sphere = neurosynth_dset.slice(sphere_ids)print(dset_amygdala)
dset_amygdala = dset_amygdala.slice(dset_amygdala.ids[:500])
print(dset_amygdala)Dataset(1369 experiments, space='mni152_2mm')
Dataset(500 experiments, space='mni152_2mm')
Notebook Cell
import numpy as np
from nilearn import input_data, plotting
# In order to plot a sphere with a precise radius around a coordinate with
# nilearn, we need to use a NiftiSpheresMasker
mask_img = neurosynth_dset.masker.mask_img
sphere_masker = input_data.NiftiSpheresMasker([[24, -2, -20]], radius=6, mask_img=mask_img)
sphere_masker.fit(mask_img)
sphere_img = sphere_masker.inverse_transform(np.array([[1]]))
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4), nrows=2)
display = plotting.plot_roi(
amygdala_mask,
annotate=False,
draw_cross=False,
axes=axes[0],
figure=fig,
)
axes[0].set_title("Amygdala ROI")
display = plotting.plot_roi(
sphere_img,
annotate=False,
draw_cross=False,
axes=axes[1],
figure=fig,
)
axes[1].set_title("Spherical ROI")
glue("figure_macm_rois", fig, display=False)/srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.7/site-packages/nilearn/plotting/img_plotting.py:348: FutureWarning: Default resolution of the MNI template will change from 2mm to 1mm in version 0.10.0
anat_img = load_mni152_template()
glue:figure - Unknown Directive
glue:figure - Unknown Directive:name: figure_macm_rois-notebook :align: center Region of interest masks for (1) a target mask-based MACM and (2) a coordinate-based MACM.
Once the Dataset has been reduced to studies with coordinates within the mask or sphere requested, any of the supported CBMA Estimators can be run.
from nimare import meta
meta_amyg = meta.cbma.ale.ALE(kernel__sample_size=20)
results_amyg = meta_amyg.fit(dset_amygdala)
meta_sphere = meta.cbma.ale.ALE(kernel__sample_size=20)
results_sphere = meta_sphere.fit(dset_sphere)WARNING:nimare.utils:Metadata field 'sample_sizes' not found. Set a constant value for this field as an argument, if possible.
Notebook Cell
meta_results = {
"Amygdala ALE MACM": results_amyg.get_map("z", return_type="image"),
"Sphere ALE MACM": results_sphere.get_map("z", return_type="image"),
}
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4), nrows=2)
for i_meta, (name, file_) in enumerate(meta_results.items()):
display = plotting.plot_stat_map(
file_,
annotate=False,
axes=axes[i_meta],
cmap="Reds",
cut_coords=[24, -2, -20],
draw_cross=False,
figure=fig,
)
axes[i_meta].set_title(name)
colorbar = display._cbar
colorbar_ticks = colorbar.get_ticks()
if colorbar_ticks[0] < 0:
new_ticks = [colorbar_ticks[0], 0, colorbar_ticks[-1]]
else:
new_ticks = [colorbar_ticks[0], colorbar_ticks[-1]]
colorbar.set_ticks(new_ticks, update_ticks=True)
glue("figure_macm", fig, display=False)glue:figure - Unknown Directive
glue:figure - Unknown Directive:name: figure_macm-notebook :align: center Unthresholded z-statistic maps for (1) the target mask-based MACM and (2) the coordinate-based MACM.
- Laird, A. R., Eickhoff, S. B., Li, K., Robin, D. A., Glahn, D. C., & Fox, P. T. (2009). Investigating the functional heterogeneity of the default mode network using coordinate-based meta-analytic modeling. J. Neurosci., 29(46), 14496–14505.
- Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., Glahn, D. C., Lovallo, W. R., & Fox, P. T. (2010). Metaanalytic connectivity modeling: delineating the functional connectivity of the human amygdala. Hum. Brain Mapp., 31(2), 173–184.
- Eickhoff, S. B., Jbabdi, S., Caspers, S., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Zilles, K., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2010). Anatomical and functional connectivity of cytoarchitectonic areas within the human parietal operculum. J. Neurosci., 30(18), 6409–6421.
- Hok, P., Opavský, R., Hluštı́k, P., & Tüdös, Z. (2015). 29. Meta-analytic and resting-state functional connectivity of the claustrum. In Clinical Neurophysiology (Vol. 126, pp. e39–e40).
- Kellermann, T. S., Caspers, S., Fox, P. T., Zilles, K., Roski, C., Laird, A. R., Turetsky, B. I., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2013). Task- and resting-state functional connectivity of brain regions related to affection and susceptible to concurrent cognitive demand. Neuroimage, 72, 69–82.
- Reid, A. T., Hoffstaedter, F., Gong, G., Laird, A. R., Fox, P., Evans, A. C., Amunts, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2017). A seed-based cross-modal comparison of brain connectivity measures. Brain Struct. Funct., 222(3), 1131–1151.
- Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Dick, A. S., Sutherland, M. T., Hernandez, Z., Fox, P. M., Eickhoff, S. B., Fox, P. T., & Laird, A. R. (2015). Meta-analytic connectivity and behavioral parcellation of the human cerebellum. Neuroimage, 117, 327–342.
- Reid, A. T., Bzdok, D., Langner, R., Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R., Amunts, K., Eickhoff, S. B., & Eickhoff, C. R. (2016). Multimodal connectivity mapping of the human left anterior and posterior lateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Struct. Funct., 221(5), 2589–2605.
- Caspers, J., Zilles, K., Amunts, K., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2014). Functional characterization and differential coactivation patterns of two cytoarchitectonic visual areas on the human posterior fusiform gyrus. Hum. Brain Mapp., 35(6), 2754–2767.